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First I thought that there was again something wrong with the latest nvidia package because I could not start an xserver after the latest upgrade. Only nouveau was working. But when I tried to start vmware I got the error that the kernel sources are not installed in the default directory - which is wrong (see tree attachment). So, the strange thing is that kernel sources are installed correctly, I can see them, but neither nvidia nor vmware find them. What could have gone wrong here?

The tree output only shows the modules directory, no sources at all. There's no subdirectory build which points to /usr/src/ (where kernel sources and headers would reside).
As you didn't mention what kernel packages you have installed, can only guess - you're missing a suitable kernel-devel package that matches your kernel.

Just before I tried to reinstall some packages. But obviously this did not work properly:

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urpmi --reinstall --force $(rpm -qa | grep nvidia-current)
urpmi --reinstall --force $(rpm -qa | grep kernel | grep 5.10.33-1.mga8)

After removing and installing those packages manually using urpme and urpmi everything is OK.

Well, urpmi does not know --reinstall so for sure that did not work obviously. If you want to reinstall installed packages you'd do that via

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urpmi --replacepkgs --replacefiles packagenames

Yes, maybe that is a better solution. I tried the option "--reinstall" because of comment 10 to one of my bug reports: https://bugs.mageia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=28875 And urpmi did not complain about an unknown option.