OK, I think I see the problem here.
It seems your sound card mic has three ports:
These are listed as follows:
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ports:
analog-input-microphone-internal: Встроенный микрофон (priority 8900, latency offset 0 usec, available: unknown)
properties:
device.icon_name = "audio-input-microphone"
analog-input: Аналоговый ввод (priority 10000, latency offset 10000 usec, available: unknown)
properties:
analog-input-microphone: Микрофон (priority 8700, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
properties:
device.icon_name = "audio-input-microphone"
Now, I'm afraid my Russian is a little rusty
but thankfully the internal names make sense to me.
When you are
not using your external mic the port is set to
analog-input. See this from your first attachment:
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active port: <analog-input>
But when you plug in your mic your port is set to
analog-input-microphone. See this from your second attachment:
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active port: <analog-input-microphone>
As you can probably tell from now, the third option (actually the first in the list) is never used....
analog-input-microphone-internal. As it's name suggests, this is probably the one you actually want to use! I suspect the "analog-input" is something that is either wired up, but unused or something that can be used for recording things like CD players or similar (although this is not very common these days).
In order to address this, simply open up pavucontrol and with your external microphone
unplugged go to the "Input Devices" tab (not sure what it is in Russian locale but it's the 4th tab
) Here you should be able to change the port from
Аналоговый ввод to
Встроенный микрофон. This should allow you to record sound via the internal mic. The setting should be remembered across reboots etc. When you plug in your external mic the port should automatically change to
Микрофон and when you unplug it again it should revert back to
Встроенный микрофон automatically.
I hope that resolves the issue for you!